The start of Ramadan & the days of Eid

All praise is due to Allah, may peace and blessings be upon our Prophet Muhammad, his family and all his Companions.

Many questions are asked by Muslims residing in non-Islamic countries concerning how one assures the start of the month of Ramadan and the days of 'Id al-Fitr and 'Id al-Adha.

So what course is one to follow? 

It is because of these questions that this clarification becomes necessary. I am able to mention the following and Allah is the One, without any partner, Who grants accord and aids to arriving at what is correct. The Muslims in non-Muslim countries that are not ruled by the Islamic Law differ greatly concerning how to assure the start of the month of Ramadan and how to assure that it has ended and Shawwal /Eid al-Fitr have started.

Some follow the opinion that the new moon must be sighted or that the previous month, Sha'ban, must be completed as thirty days in order to assure the start of Ramadan and the same goes in order to assure the start of Shawwal. This is the correct position and there is no doubt concerning this due to the large number of evidences supporting it and it is the opinion of the majority of Muslims amongst the Companions and succeeding generations. The Prophet peace be upon him said, "Fast when you see it [i.e., the moon] and cease fasting when you see it, a,nd if it is hidden or cloudy, complete the counting of Sha'ban as thirty days." This hadith is agreed upon and was reported on the authority of Abu Hurayrah. Similar authentic ahadith imply that we depend on moon-sighting in deciding the start of each lunar month. 

Others follow the opinion that astronomical calculations should be employed in order to assure the start and end of Ramadan. A third group follow the opinion that they should follow the sighting of their homeland or the country from which they arrived. Some of the Muslims, and perhaps they are the majority in some countries, follow the sighting and announcement made by Makkah because it is the direction of our prayers and an emblem of Muslim unity. 

It is clear that all of these opinions mentioned above have those who would criticize them. Those who go the way of sighting the moon criticize those who use astronomical calculations and there is no doubt that this criticism is correct. They in turn are criticized by others who state that sighting the moon is just not possible in the majority of areas of many European and American lands due to the poor visibility as a result of the weather and so these criticisers rely upon the sighting of the moon undertaken by their homeland. Hence you will see some of our Pakistani bretheren fasting and celebrating Eid with Pakistan, some of our Egyptian bretheren fasting and celebrating Eid with Egypt, some of our Moroccan bretheren fasting and celebrating Eid with Morocco etc. Each one thinks that the sighting of the moon made by his homeland is the most valid sighting! 

Everyone has his opinion, but there is no doubt that the greater benefit lies in the Muslims of one land fasting as one body, starting the same day and celebrating Eid on the same day so as to display unity.

Unity is one of the greatest features and benefits that the Islamic Law calls to and this is why some of the scholars were of the opinion that it would be good for Muslims living in non-Muslim lands to appoint one leader who would determine the likes of these matters for them. In many cases it is almost impossible to appoint a leader for all Muslims residing in that land, yet they still can appoint some form of leadership to which they refer in matters like this. 

However, unfortunately, this matter is absent in these lands thus far and the Muslims remain in confusion as to how to start fasting, when to celebrate Eid al-Fitr and in other matters of dispute. Therefore, we advise the generality of Muslims in this land to follow the opinion of the majority of Muslims in this land with regard to the starting and ending of the month irrespective of the basis of that decision, even if this opinion opposes an individual’s opinion or the opinion of one’s organisation. I have not come cross any scholar neither from the past or from our own time who apposes this approach. 

The reasons and proofs for this conclusion are the following: 

1. The hadith of Abu Hurayrah in which the Prophet said, "The fast is the day you all fast, the breaking of fast is on the day that you all break fast, the day of sacrifice is on the day that you all sacrifice." It is recorded by at-Tirmidhi and the wording is his, Abu Dawud and others. At-Tirmidhi proceeded to say, 'Some of the People of Knowledge explained this hadith to mean that fasting and breaking the fast should be done with the Jama'ah (Muslims) or the majority of people.'This is why most of the scholars who spoke about this issue were of the opinion that the Muslim should start the fast when most of the people in his country fast and the same rule is applied for ending the fast and celebrating the Eid. In fact a group of scholars were of the opinion that if a single individual were to sight the new moon and the Imam were to reject this, for some reason, then the people should not fast until the Imam has given the order. The same applies to breaking the fast and celebrating the Eid. 
2. Leaving individual opinion and following the opinion of the majority in matters of ijtihad for the sake of the benefit of unity is something that is well established in the Islamic Law. 'Abdullah bin Mas'ud prayed dhuhr behind 'Uthman bin 'Affan in Mina as four rak'ahs despite his opinion and the fact that the Messenger of Allah ? had prayed two as had Abu Bakr and 'Umar. When asked why he did this, he replied, 'Differing is evil'. Moreover the Islamic Law has enjoined one to stick firmly to the Jama'ah and to all the means that would lead to actualizing this. Allah, Mighty and Magnificent says, "Obey Allah and His Messenger and do not differ such that you lose courage and your strength depart, be patient for Allah is with the patient" and "Hold fast to the rope of Allah, all of you, and do not split."
   

To conclude, we advise Muslims to do everything possible to establish unity among themselves and until they do that they should cooperate in enjoining the good and forbidding the evil as Allah Almighty and His Messenger commanded us to do so in various places in the Quran and Sunnah. Allah says, "Help you one another in Al-Birr and At-Taqwa (virtue, righteousness and piety); but do not help one another in sin and transgression. And fear Allah. Verily, Allah is Severe in punishment." We also advise Muslims living in the western countries to do their best to appoint an Imam/leader that they can follow in many essential matters amongst which is the commencement and conclusion of the fast. Allah knows best.

We ask Allah, Mighty and Magnificent, to unite the Muslims upon righteousness and taqwa. Peace and blessings be upon our Prophet Muhammad peace be upon him , his family and all his Companions.